Information about the Tumbes-Chocó-Magdalena Biodiversity Hotspot was developed using the ecosystem profile (PDF - 1.5 MB), also available in Spanish (PDF - 1.2 MB), and the book Hotspots Revisited, which cites:

Albuja, V.L. 1991. Lista de vertebrados del Ecuador: Mamíferos. Politécnica 16(3) (Ser.Biol.3):163-203.

Best, B. J. & Kessler, M. 1995. Biodiversity and Conservation in Tumbesian Ecuador and Peru. Cambridge, U.K.: BirdLife International.

Collar, N.J., Crosby, M.J. & Stattersfield, A.J. 1994. Birds to Watch 2: The World List of Threatened Birds. Birdlife Life Conservation Series No. 4. Cambridge, U.K.: BirdLife International.

Correa A., Foster, R.B. & Galdames, C. 1998. Lista Borrador: Flora de Panama. Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, R.de Panama. Unpublished Checklist.

Cousteau, J. & Diolé, P. 1973. Three Adventures: Galapagos, Titicaca, The Blue Holes. New York: Doubleday.

Dodson, C.H. & Gentry, A.H. 1991. Biological extinction in western Ecuador. Annals Missouri Botanical Garden 78:273-295.

Gentry, A.H. 1977. Endangered plant species and habitats of Ecuador and Amazonian Peru. In G.T. Prance & T.S. Elias. (Eds.), Extinction is Forever. pp. 136-149. New York: New York Botanical Garden.

Gentry, A.H. 1979. Extinction and conservation of plant species in tropical America: A phytogeographical perspective. In: I. Hedberg. (Ed.) Systematic Botany, Plant Utilization, and Biosphere Conservation. pp. 100-126. Almqvist & Wiksell, Stockholm.

Gentry, A.H. 1990. La región del Chocó. In C.C. Uribe et al. Selva Húmeda de Colombia. Villegas, Bogotá.

Gentry, A.H. 1993. Riqueza de especies y composición florística. In P. Leyva. (Ed.), Colombia Pacífico, Vol. 1. Fondo Protección del Medio Ambiente José Celestino Mutis. pp. 200-219. Bogotá: Publicaciones Financiera Eléctrica Nacional (FEN).

Jackson, M.H. 1993. Galápagos: A Natural History. Alberta, Canada: University of Calgary Press.

Jørgensen, P.M. & León-Yánez, S. (Eds.). 1999. Catalogue of the vascular plants of Ecuador. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 75: i–vii, 1–1181.

Langendoen, D. & Gentry, A.H. 1991. The structure and diversity of rain forests at Bajo Calima, Chocó region, western Colombia. Biotropica 23: 2-11.

Macfarland, C.G., VILLA, J. & Toro, B. 1974. The Galápagos giant tortoises (Geochelone elephantopus). Part 1: Status of surviving populations. Biol. Conserv. 2: 118-133.

Mast, R.B., Rodríguez, J.V. & Mittermeier, R.A. 1993. The Colombian cotton-top tamarin in the wild. In N. K. Clapp. (Ed.), A Primate Model for the Study of Colitis and Colonic Carcinoma: The Cotton-Top Tamarin, Saguinus oedipus. pp. 3-43. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press.

Mast, R.B. Trip to Western Ecuador, November 14-26, 1997. Unpublished CI Travel Report, Roderic B. Mast.

Mast, R.B., Rodríguez-Mahecha, J.V., Mittermeier, R.A. & C.G. Mittermeier. 1997. Colombia. In R. A. Mittermeier, P. Robles Gil & C. G. Mittermeier. (Eds.), Megadiversity: Earth’s Biologically Wealthiest Nations. pp. 108-127. Monterrey, Mexico: CEMEX.

Mast, R.B., Mittermeier, C.G., Mittermeier, R.A. Rodríguez-Mahecha, J.V. & Hemphill, A.H. 1997. Ecuador. In R. A. Mittermeier, P. Robles Gil & C. G. Mittermeier. (Eds.), Megadiversity: Earth’s Biologically Wealthiest Nations. pp. 314-324. Monterrey, Mexico: CEMEX.

Mittermeier, R.A., Mast, R.B., del Prado, C.P. & Mittermeier, C.G. 1997. Peru. In R. A. Mittermeier, P. Robles Gil & C.G. Mittermeier. (Eds.), Megadiversity: Earth’s Biologically Wealthiest Nations. pp. 282-297. Monterrey, Mexico: CEMEX.

Mittermeier, R.A. 1997. Colombia. Mittermeier, R.A., P. Robles-Gil, & C.G. Mittermeier. (Eds.), 1997. Megadiversity: Earth’s Biologically Wealthiest Nations. Monterrey, Mexico: CEMEX.

Ortiz Crespo, F., Greenfield, P.F. & Matheus, J.C. 1990. Aves del Ecuador. Feprotur, Quito, Ecuador.

Parker, T.A., III, & Carr, J.L. (Eds.). 1992. Status of Forest Remnants in the Cordillera de la Costa And Adjacent Areas of Southwestern Ecuador. Conservation International, RAP Working Papers 2.

Pritchard, P.C.H. 1996. The Galápagos Tortoises: Nomenclatural and Survival Status. Chelonian Research Monongraphs, Number 1. Lunenburg, Massachusetts: Chelonian Research Foundation.

Sierra, R. 1996. La Deforestación en el Norte del Ecuador: 1983-1993.Quito, Ecuador: EcoCiencia.

Shoemaker, V.H. & Nagy, K.A. 1984. Osmo-regulation in the Galápagos marine iguana. Physioogy Zoology57:291-300.

Stotz, D.F., Fitzpatrick, J.W., Parker, T.A. III., & Moskovits, D.K. 1996. Neotropical Birds: Ecology and Conservation. London: The University of Chicago Press, Ltd.

Thornton, I. 1971. Darwin’s Islands: A Natural History of the Galápagos. New York: Natural History Press.

Valencia, R., Pitman, N., León-Yáñez, S. & Jørgensen, P.M. 2000. Libro Rojo de las Plantas Endémicas del Ecuador 2000. Quito: Pontificia Universidad Católica de Ecuador.

Wust, W.H. 1996. Propuesta de areas protegidas para aves. In L.O. Rodríguez. (Ed.), Diversidad Biologica del Peru: Zonas Prioritarias para su Conservación. pp. 65-70. Lima: Proyecto Fanpe GTZ-INRENA.

WWF. 1997. WWF 2000. The Living Planet Campaign. Washington, D.C.: World Wildlife Fund.