Information about the Tropical Andes Biodiversity Hotspot was developed using the ecosystem profile (PDF - 501 KB), also available in Spanish (PDF - 475 KB), and the book Hotspots Revisited, which cites:

Albuja, V.L. & Patterson, B.D. 1996. A new species of northern shrew-opossum (Paucituberculata: Caenolestidae) fom the Cordillera del Cóndor, Ecuador. Journal of Mammology 77:41-53.

Brako, L. & Zarucchi, J.L. 1993. Catalogue of the flowering plants and gymnosperms of Peru. Monogr. Syst. Bot., Missouri Botanical Garden 45: 1-1286.

Castro, H. 1996. Volver a Tambopata.. A Communications Strategy. Washington, DC.: Conservation International.

Cuatrecasas, J. 1958. Aspectos de la vegetación natural de Colombia. Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales 10: 221-264.

Dodson, C.H. & Gentry, A.H. 1991. Biological extinction in western Ecuador. Annals Missouri Botanical Garden 78:273-295.

Gentry, A.H. 1977. Endangered plant species and habitats of Ecuador and Amazonian Peru. In G.T. Prance & T.S. Elias. (Eds.), Extinction is Forever. pp. 136- 149. New York: New York Botanical Garden.

Gentry, A.H. 1990. La región Amazónica. In C.C. Uribe et. al., Selva húmeda de Colombia. Villegas, Bogotá.

Goering, L. 1998. Tiny Frog Offers Major Painkiller: Drug Research Finds. In Chicago Tribune, August 30, 1998.

Guhl, E. 1982. Los Páramos Circundantes de la Sabana de Bogotá. Bogotá, Colombia: Jardín Botánico José Celestino Mutis.

Jørgensen, P.M. & León-Yánez, S. (Eds.). 1999. Catalogue of the vascular plants of Ecuador. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 75: i–vii, 1–1181.

Kessler, M. 2000. Elevational gradients in species richness and endemism of selected plant groups in the central Bolivian Andes. Plant Ecology 149: 181-193.

Kessler, M. 2002. The elevational gradient of Andean plant endemism: Varying influences of taxon-specific traits and topography at different taxonomic levels. J Biogeography 29: 1159-1165.

Langendoen, D. & Gentry, A.H. 1991. The structure and diversity of rain forests at Bajo Calima, Chocó region, western Colombia. Biotropica 23: 2-11.

Luteyn, J.L. 1999. Páramos: A checklist of plant diversity, geographical distribution, and botanical literature. Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden. 84: i-xv, 1-278, color plates I-VI.

Mast, R.B., Mittermeier, R.A. & Rodríguez-Mahecha, J.V. 1996. El Embrujo de Tambopata. Caretas, Lima, Peru.

Mast, R.B., Rodríguez-Mahecha, J.V., Mittermeier, R.A. & Mittermeier, C.G. 1997. Colombia. In R. A. Mittermeier, P. Robles Gil & C. G. Mittermeier. (Eds.), Megadiversity: Earth’s Biologically Wealthiest Nations. pp. 108-127. Monterrey, Mexico: CEMEX.

Mast, R.B., Mittermeier, C.G., Mittermeier, R.A., Rodríguez-Mahecha, J.V. & Hemphill, A.H. 1997. Ecuador. In R. A. Mittermeier, P. Robles Gil & C. G. Mittermeier. (Eds.), Megadiversity: Earth’s Biologically Wealthiest Nations. pp. 314-324. Monterrey, Mexico: CEMEX.

Mittermeier, R.A., Mast, R.B., del Prado, C.P. & Mittermeier, C.G. 1997. Peru. In R.A. Mittermeier, P. Robles Gil & C.G. Mittermeier. (Eds.), Megadiversity: Earth’s Biologically Wealthiest Nations. pp. 282-297. Monterrey, Mexico: CEMEX.

Moraes R.M. 1996. Novelties of the genera Parajubaea and Syagrus (Palmae) from interandean valleys of Bolivia. Novon 6: 85-92.

Rodriguez-Mahecha, J.V., Hernández-Camacho, J.I., Defler, T.R., Alberico, M., Mast, R.B., Mittermeier, R.A. & Cadena, A. 1995. Mamíferos Colombianos: Sus Nombres Comunes e Indígenas. Occasional Paper No. 3. Occasional Papers in Conservation Biology. Washington, DC.: Conservation International.

Ron, S. R., Duellman, W. E., Coloma, L. A., & Bustamante, M. R. 2003. Population decline of the Jambato toad Atelopusignescens (Anura: Bufonidae) in the Andes of Ecuador. Journal of Herpetology 37: 116-126

Sklenár, P., Luteyn, J.L., Ulloa Ulloa, C., Jørgensen, P.M. & Dillon, M.O. 2005. Flora genérica de los páramos - Guía ilustrada de plantas vasculares. Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden 92. 500 Pp .

Stotz, D.F., Fitzpatrick, J.W., Parker, T.A, III. & Moskovits, D.K. 1996. Neotropical Birds: Ecology and Conservation. London: The University of Chicago Press, Ltd.

Ulloa Ulloa C. & Jørgensen, P.M. 1993. Arboles y arbustos de los Andes del Ecuador. AAU Reports 30: 1-264.

Ulloa Ulloa, C., Zarucchi, J.L. & León, B. 2004. Diez años de adiciones a la flora del Perú: 1993-2003. Arnaldoa Ed. Especial Nov. 2004: 1-242.

Ulloa Ulloa, C. & Jørgensen, P.M. 2005. Endemic plant genera of the Tropical Andes. Database v. Jan 2005. Missouri Botanical Garden.

van der Werff, H. & Consiglio, T. 2004. Distribution and Conservation Significance of Endemic Species of Flowering Plants in Peru. Biodiversity and Conservation. In press.

WWF. 1997. WWF 2000. The Living Planet Campaign. Washington, D.C.: World Wildlife Fund.

Young, K., Ulloa Ulloa, C. Luteyn, J.L. & Knapp, S. 2002. Plant evolution and endemism in Andean South America: An indroduction. Bot. Rev. 68(1): 4-21.